igneum-labs c01b9544a4 Difficulty: the live oscillation of 4 October, its cause, the DAG replay and rule v2 (reference window 600 behind a height switch)

Live devnet v4: a second RTX 5090 joining 7 minutes into an epoch left the whole-epoch reference lane polluted for the hour; the short lane read 11 to 25% above it and the 25% trigger flipped between the two for 40 minutes (102M to 164M, 54 to 81 blocks a minute). Record and hash-rate truth under sim/difficulty/records/. sim.py gains a DAG model (miners on nodes with igneum-miner's template staleness, GHOSTDAG, the rule as the node runs it) and --live replay: std of log difficulty 0.115 against the record's 0.134, 4.3 peaks of 1.31x against 4 of 1.37x. The brief's candidates (short lane 240/360, ease clamp 3%, clamp once per DAA second, hysteresis, median of three) leave 0.09 to 0.13; capping the reference lane at the newest 600 blocks of the epoch gives 0.026 with no flips. Rule v2 = that cap, epoch lane only, behind difficulty_v2_activation_daa (devnet-v4 fork). Attack suite and synthetic set before and after, 3-node test network of the switch (testnet_v2.py), analysis document, spec 2.3, bench-log entry, ledger M24, fast-time file carries the new field.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

2026-10-04 13:26:23 +00:00

55 KiB

Raw Blame History

sim/difficulty results, 3 October 2026

Raw simulator output behind docs/analysis/difficulty-2026-10-03.md. Final parameters: short window 120, hold 8, prior 16, long lane from 600, trigger 25%, harden 3%, ease 10%, cap 20 T.

Synthetic set, honest timestamps

python3 sim.py

up50: hash rate x50 at 3 h

controller	first within 10% s	settled s	recovery blocks	overshoot	steady std of rate	steady blocks/min CV	worst gap s	blocks above 2x	blocks	fast-lane blocks
kaspa	1542.1	1542.1	4967	0.009	0.012	0.126	9.5	3760	21511	none
monero	94.0	94.0	713	0.089	0.037	0.144	10.3	657	18490	none
lwma60	105.0	105.0	182	0.208	0.131	0.088	11.3	78	17977	none
lwma120	231.2	231.2	388	0.189	0.092	0.096	10.5	164	18078	none
igneum	61.7	61.7	181	0.140	0.038	0.135	11.3	125	17927	377
igneum-literal	63.7	63.7	186	0.217	0.034	0.130	11.3	127	17956	230

down50: hash rate /50 at 3 h

controller	first within 10% s	settled s	recovery blocks	overshoot	steady std of rate	steady blocks/min CV	worst gap s	blocks above 2x	blocks below 0.5x	blocks	fast-lane blocks
kaspa	12295.7	12295.7	1569	5.102	0.012	0.126	178.5	1648	1256	16185	none
monero	6432.8	6432.8	701	0.039	0.037	0.144	187.3	0	567	19356	none
lwma60	577.9	577.9	111	0.154	0.131	0.088	118.7	0	55	24588	none
lwma120	1073.6	1073.6	177	0.129	0.092	0.096	64.9	0	97	24205	none
igneum	657.4	657.4	147	0.062	0.038	0.135	35.3	0	90	24548	474
igneum-literal	967.0	967.0	146	0.062	0.034	0.130	121.1	0	86	24276	267

epoch30: x1.3 or /1.3 at each epoch boundary from epoch 2

controller	first within 10% s	settled s	worst recovery s	overshoot	steady std of rate	steady blocks/min CV	worst gap s	blocks	fast-lane blocks
kaspa	1583.0	1583.0	1974.6	0.043	0.010	0.130	12.3	29403	none
monero	456.2	456.2	603.3	0.116	0.038	0.141	16.0	28857	none
lwma60	91.1	156.9	310.6	0.291	0.132	0.090	11.6	28658	none
lwma120	136.9	153.1	240.8	0.229	0.094	0.097	11.5	28719	none
igneum	86.5	143.7	260.8	0.126	0.030	0.133	11.3	28735	351
igneum-literal	86.4	143.8	260.8	0.050	0.018	0.130	11.3	28775	149

walk10: 10% per hour log random walk

controller	steady std of rate	steady blocks/min CV	worst gap s	blocks	fast-lane blocks
kaspa	0.049	0.144	11.1	21728	none
monero	0.049	0.143	10.6	21541	none
lwma60	0.132	0.088	11.1	21486	none
lwma120	0.093	0.105	10.5	21518	none
igneum	0.062	0.130	11.2	21521	519
igneum-literal	0.055	0.136	11.1	21523	184

hop3: 3x pool hops in and out every 15 min from 3 h

controller	first within 10% s	settled s	worst recovery s	not recovered	overshoot	steady std of rate	steady blocks/min CV	worst gap s	blocks above 2x	blocks below 0.5x	blocks	fast-lane blocks
kaspa	none	none	none	12	0	0.012	0.126	21.0	1208	1036	22128	none
monero	336.7	336.7	362.4	6	0.062	0.037	0.144	18.6	2438	1437	20382	none
lwma60	109.5	166.9	373.4	0	0.270	0.131	0.088	14.7	111	42	21408	none
lwma120	161.8	184.3	292.1	0	0.201	0.092	0.096	15.0	215	129	21364	none
igneum	124.0	189.5	410.3	0	0.229	0.038	0.135	11.8	213	182	21228	8054
igneum-literal	429.3	372.9	493.1	8	0.202	0.034	0.130	16.1	86	529	20913	4294

hop10: 10x pool hops in and out every 15 min from 3 h

controller	first within 10% s	settled s	worst recovery s	not recovered	overshoot	steady std of rate	steady blocks/min CV	worst gap s	blocks above 2x	blocks below 0.5x	blocks	fast-lane blocks
kaspa	none	none	none	12	0	0.012	0.126	52.1	5700	1035	22951	none
monero	283.5	283.5	312.9	6	0.085	0.037	0.144	83.2	3551	569	19203	none
lwma60	165.5	263.9	542.0	0	0.242	0.131	0.088	34.3	315	198	21008	none
lwma120	282.8	325.5	789.0	0	0.199	0.092	0.096	30.2	576	417	20676	none
igneum	208.1	211.9	382.9	0	0.230	0.038	0.135	25.0	422	321	20631	8445
igneum-literal	466.6	505.8	698.0	6	0.237	0.034	0.130	35.7	816	666	20683	5432

polluted: window polluted by a pre-step slow period (21 min at 0.11 blocks/s, 13 min idle, then 0.6 blocks/s at genesis difficulty)

controller	first within 10% s	settled s	recovery blocks	overshoot	steady std of rate	steady blocks/min CV	worst gap s	blocks above 2x	blocks	fast-lane blocks	peak rate	trough rate after 10 min
kaspa	650.7	2748.3	5163	6.942	0.010	0.134	11.2	2320	18592	none	7.9	0.6
monero	124.0	124.0	735	0.092	0.032	0.142	10.4	675	17641	none	15.0	0.9
lwma60	66.1	66.1	113	0.183	0.132	0.089	11.3	36	17138	none	5.7	0.6
lwma120	110.3	110.3	201	0.147	0.091	0.108	10.5	74	17190	none	6.0	0.7
igneum	70.0	70.0	136	0.180	0.049	0.122	11.3	72	17005	2585	8.5	0.6
igneum-literal	817.0	1876.4	2546	0.197	0.040	0.141	11.3	571	17618	1986	8.4	0.6

warmup-hard: genesis difficulty 10x too hard

controller	first within 10% s	settled s	recovery blocks	overshoot	steady std of rate	steady blocks/min CV	worst gap s	blocks above 2x	blocks below 0.5x	blocks	fast-lane blocks
kaspa	5790.7	none	none	92.876	32.727	3.002	67.2	4860	599	6444	none
monero	286.6	286.6	159	0.047	0.038	0.135	17.5	0	33	7011	none
lwma60	155.2	155.2	118	0.147	0.132	0.078	10.5	0	18	7128	none
lwma120	187.9	187.9	152	0.111	0.095	0.102	10.5	0	18	7128	none
igneum	321.9	321.9	199	0.024	0.031	0.126	10.5	0	23	6953	138
igneum-literal	351.4	702.7	568	0.024	0.019	0.134	10.5	0	23	6979	179

warmup-easy: genesis difficulty 10x too easy

controller	first within 10% s	settled s	recovery blocks	overshoot	steady std of rate	steady blocks/min CV	worst gap s	blocks above 2x	blocks below 0.5x	blocks	fast-lane blocks
kaspa	1554.8	1554.8	3168	0.011	0.008	0.137	9.8	599	0	8869	none
monero	95.4	95.4	76	0.091	0.038	0.154	16.1	16	16	7145	none
lwma60	57.9	57.9	87	0.183	0.133	0.073	9.2	8	0	7192	none
lwma120	88.3	88.3	136	0.147	0.096	0.099	9.4	8	0	7225	none
igneum	58.7	58.7	114	0.082	0.029	0.133	10.3	61	0	7192	120
igneum-literal	58.4	58.4	114	0.086	0.015	0.129	10.3	61	0	7209	191

Synthetic set, +-500 ms timestamp jitter

python3 sim.py --ts-noise 500 --profiles up50,down50,epoch30,hop10,polluted

up50: hash rate x50 at 3 h

controller	first within 10% s	settled s	recovery blocks	overshoot	steady std of rate	steady blocks/min CV	worst gap s	blocks above 2x	blocks	fast-lane blocks
kaspa	1535.1	1535.1	4997	0.050	0.010	0.125	8.0	3876	21640	none
monero	113.1	186.1	807	0.039	0.034	0.127	8.8	656	18496	none
lwma60	158.7	158.7	238	0.142	0.125	0.087	9.6	83	17939	none
lwma120	139.8	139.8	305	0.115	0.085	0.104	9.3	171	18047	none
igneum	168.5	168.5	288	0.024	0.046	0.133	8.6	131	18082	435
igneum-literal	115.8	115.8	253	0.026	0.039	0.114	8.6	143	18145	338

down50: hash rate /50 at 3 h

controller	first within 10% s	settled s	recovery blocks	overshoot	steady std of rate	steady blocks/min CV	worst gap s	blocks above 2x	blocks below 0.5x	blocks	fast-lane blocks
kaspa	12523.3	12523.3	1531	5.826	0.010	0.125	138.0	1736	1224	16001	none
monero	6425.5	6425.5	686	0.061	0.034	0.127	191.9	0	555	19343	none
lwma60	712.2	846.7	232	0.168	0.125	0.087	77.8	0	51	24398	none
lwma120	965.9	965.9	156	0.140	0.085	0.104	80.7	0	93	24224	none
igneum	895.5	1046.6	289	0.135	0.046	0.133	49.4	0	90	24438	593
igneum-literal	805.8	933.2	254	0.142	0.039	0.114	114.6	0	91	24579	307

epoch30: x1.3 or /1.3 at each epoch boundary from epoch 2

controller	first within 10% s	settled s	worst recovery s	overshoot	steady std of rate	steady blocks/min CV	worst gap s	blocks	fast-lane blocks
kaspa	1534.5	1534.5	1859.4	0.042	0.010	0.120	10.4	29420	none
monero	440.2	440.2	559.7	0.089	0.038	0.124	10.0	28818	none
lwma60	63.2	63.2	131.8	0.256	0.119	0.087	11.9	28592	none
lwma120	84.3	123.6	259.8	0.223	0.079	0.097	10.4	28657	none
igneum	55.2	55.2	172.1	0.200	0.036	0.130	9.9	28888	619
igneum-literal	51.4	51.4	172.1	0.108	0.036	0.106	10.1	28953	276

hop10: 10x pool hops in and out every 15 min from 3 h

controller	first within 10% s	settled s	worst recovery s	not recovered	overshoot	steady std of rate	steady blocks/min CV	worst gap s	blocks above 2x	blocks below 0.5x	blocks	fast-lane blocks
kaspa	none	none	none	12	0	0.010	0.125	34.3	5786	1007	23012	none
monero	276.9	276.9	305.1	6	0.083	0.034	0.127	76.5	3569	557	19172	none
lwma60	178.1	209.9	352.7	0	0.201	0.125	0.087	42.2	281	192	20902	none
lwma120	307.9	317.6	729.2	0	0.115	0.085	0.104	38.8	600	412	20529	none
igneum	205.1	228.0	491.7	0	0.130	0.046	0.133	31.9	430	320	20770	8333
igneum-literal	473.2	382.0	647.2	9	0.086	0.039	0.114	28.1	714	759	20753	5370

polluted: window polluted by a pre-step slow period (21 min at 0.11 blocks/s, 13 min idle, then 0.6 blocks/s at genesis difficulty)

controller	first within 10% s	settled s	recovery blocks	overshoot	steady std of rate	steady blocks/min CV	worst gap s	blocks above 2x	blocks	fast-lane blocks	peak rate	trough rate after 10 min
kaspa	721.0	2722.4	5176	7.512	0.017	0.117	10.0	2384	18668	none	8.5	0.6
monero	126.9	211.0	826	0.077	0.032	0.133	9.7	675	17706	none	14.9	0.9
lwma60	89.4	89.4	131	0.168	0.128	0.088	11.9	35	17088	none	5.7	0.6
lwma120	173.7	173.7	259	0.138	0.086	0.092	10.4	77	17152	none	5.9	0.7
igneum	71.3	71.3	142	0.152	0.042	0.120	10.6	81	17139	2823	8.5	0.7
igneum-literal	715.3	2041.7	2720	0.110	0.036	0.120	11.1	633	17775	2018	8.5	0.7

The devnet record

python3 sim.py --profiles none --record devnet-2026-10-03.csv --events 2026-10-03T19:28:05+00:00,2026-10-03T19:42:40+00:00

Exact replay of Kaspa's rule on the record

Blocks 3682, chain blocks 1656, retargets checked 1056, exact before the first mismatch 0, mismatches 1056, first at daa 845: have 0x1e00a097 want 0x1e009b9a (A chain-only replay cannot see the merged blocks that Kaspa's sampled window includes once the DAG widens.)

Real profile segments (hash rate estimated as expected hashes over wall time):

from s	to s	blocks/s at genesis difficulty	MH/s
0	1215	0.114	30.7
1215	2090	0.006	1.5
2090	4064	0.433	116.2

real: the devnet record replayed as a hash-rate profile

controller	first within 10% s	settled s	recovery blocks	overshoot	steady std of rate	steady blocks/min CV	worst gap s	blocks above 2x	blocks	fast-lane blocks	blocks within 10%	step factor
kaspa	261.9	none	none	6.244	1.599	0.567	7.8	2340	4776	none	0	75.7
monero	135.9	135.9	729	0.092	0.027	0.119	6.8	672	3729	none	2822	75.7
lwma60	74.6	74.6	157	0.183	0.109	0.067	7.4	87	3890	none	2175	75.7
lwma120	156.5	156.5	330	0.147	0.084	0.086	7.1	174	3691	none	2390	75.7
igneum	78.7	78.7	192	0.180	0.087	0.105	7.3	132	3740	2484	2608	75.7
igneum-literal	482.4	1516.2	2112	0.008	0.456	0.186	7.4	515	4119	1959	2170	75.7

Tuning sweeps

First sweep (symmetric 3% clamp, cap 6 T baseline):

Tune ns

ctrl	up50 rec	up50 first	up50 std	down50 rec	down50 first	down50 std	down50 gap	epoch30 rec	epoch30 first	epoch30 std	walk10 rec	walk10 first	walk10 std	walk10 >2x/<0.5x	hop10 rec	hop10 first	hop10 std	polluted rec	polluted first	polluted std	polluted peak
ns=60	72.8	72.8	0.069	1843.1	1843.1	0.069	114.2	127.0	80.2	0.067	none	none	0.089	0/0	301.6	251.0	0.069	56.4	56.4	0.083	4.4
ns=120	63.0	63.0	0.040	1786.2	1786.2	0.040	211.2	155.9	99.0	0.033	none	none	0.061	0/0	275.6	275.6	0.040	69.3	69.3	0.048	5.8
ns=180	63.3	63.3	0.035	2131.4	2131.4	0.035	125.1	156.3	99.0	0.017	none	none	0.056	0/0	356.1	356.1	0.035	76.5	76.5	0.042	5.6

Tune trig

ctrl	up50 rec	up50 first	up50 std	down50 rec	down50 first	down50 std	down50 gap	epoch30 rec	epoch30 first	epoch30 std	walk10 rec	walk10 first	walk10 std	walk10 >2x/<0.5x	hop10 rec	hop10 first	hop10 std	polluted rec	polluted first	polluted std	polluted peak
trig=0.15	66.7	66.7	0.077	1591.5	1591.5	0.077	98.7	137.3	107.3	0.070	none	none	0.082	0/0	312.9	261.8	0.077	58.1	58.1	0.075	5.8
trig=0.25	63.0	63.0	0.040	1786.2	1786.2	0.040	211.2	155.9	99.0	0.033	none	none	0.061	0/0	275.6	275.6	0.040	69.3	69.3	0.048	5.8
trig=0.35	62.9	62.9	0.034	1835.4	1835.4	0.034	126.4	156.3	99.0	0.016	none	none	0.054	0/0	328.5	279.2	0.034	78.4	78.4	0.042	5.5

Tune clamp_pct

ctrl	up50 rec	up50 first	up50 std	down50 rec	down50 first	down50 std	down50 gap	epoch30 rec	epoch30 first	epoch30 std	walk10 rec	walk10 first	walk10 std	walk10 >2x/<0.5x	hop10 rec	hop10 first	hop10 std	polluted rec	polluted first	polluted std	polluted peak
clamp_pct=0.02	84.0	84.0	0.039	2588.2	2588.2	0.039	216.8	156.3	99.4	0.031	none	none	0.060	0/0	373.6	336.9	0.039	80.1	80.1	0.046	5.4
clamp_pct=0.03	63.0	63.0	0.040	1786.2	1786.2	0.040	211.2	155.9	99.0	0.033	none	none	0.061	0/0	275.6	275.6	0.040	69.3	69.3	0.048	5.8
clamp_pct=0.05	62.2	62.2	0.040	1312.5	1312.5	0.040	173.8	155.8	98.9	0.034	none	none	0.062	0/0	284.6	258.8	0.040	59.9	59.9	0.049	5.4

Tune ease_pct

ctrl	up50 rec	up50 first	up50 std	down50 rec	down50 first	down50 std	down50 gap	epoch30 rec	epoch30 first	epoch30 std	walk10 rec	walk10 first	walk10 std	walk10 >2x/<0.5x	hop10 rec	hop10 first	hop10 std	polluted rec	polluted first	polluted std	polluted peak
ease_pct=0.03	63.0	63.0	0.040	1786.2	1786.2	0.040	211.2	155.9	99.0	0.033	none	none	0.061	0/0	275.6	275.6	0.040	69.3	69.3	0.048	5.8
ease_pct=0.06	62.7	62.7	0.039	1282.5	1282.5	0.039	176.0	155.6	98.8	0.031	none	none	0.061	0/0	299.5	265.0	0.039	58.5	58.5	0.048	5.8
ease_pct=0.1	62.2	62.2	0.039	1164.4	1164.4	0.039	65.3	155.5	98.8	0.030	none	none	0.062	0/0	253.4	253.4	0.039	71.7	71.7	0.048	6.2

Tune k0

ctrl	up50 rec	up50 first	up50 std	down50 rec	down50 first	down50 std	down50 gap	epoch30 rec	epoch30 first	epoch30 std	walk10 rec	walk10 first	walk10 std	walk10 >2x/<0.5x	hop10 rec	hop10 first	hop10 std	polluted rec	polluted first	polluted std	polluted peak
k0=8	63.0	63.0	0.040	1786.6	1786.6	0.040	211.1	156.0	99.0	0.033	none	none	0.061	0/0	311.5	280.9	0.040	67.1	67.1	0.048	5.5
k0=16	63.0	63.0	0.040	1786.2	1786.2	0.040	211.2	155.9	99.0	0.033	none	none	0.061	0/0	275.6	275.6	0.040	69.3	69.3	0.048	5.8
k0=32	63.0	63.0	0.040	1786.9	1786.9	0.040	211.9	156.0	99.1	0.033	none	none	0.061	0/0	290.0	263.0	0.040	71.4	71.4	0.047	5.7

Tune cap

ctrl	up50 rec	up50 first	up50 std	down50 rec	down50 first	down50 std	down50 gap	epoch30 rec	epoch30 first	epoch30 std	walk10 rec	walk10 first	walk10 std	walk10 >2x/<0.5x	hop10 rec	hop10 first	hop10 std	polluted rec	polluted first	polluted std	polluted peak
cap=6	63.0	63.0	0.040	1786.2	1786.2	0.040	211.2	155.9	99.0	0.033	none	none	0.061	0/0	275.6	275.6	0.040	69.3	69.3	0.048	5.8
cap=20	63.8	63.8	0.039	1703.7	1703.7	0.039	165.8	143.7	86.8	0.033	none	none	0.061	0/0	274.9	257.2	0.039	62.9	62.9	0.048	5.8
cap=132	63.8	63.8	0.039	1649.6	1649.6	0.039	161.0	143.7	86.8	0.033	none	none	0.061	0/0	263.5	238.2	0.039	75.8	75.8	0.048	13.1

Second sweep (harden 3%, ease 10%, cap 6 T baseline; the cap row fixed the final value at 20 T):

Tune ns

ctrl	up50 rec	up50 first	up50 std	down50 rec	down50 first	down50 std	down50 gap	epoch30 rec	epoch30 first	epoch30 std	walk10 rec	walk10 first	walk10 std	walk10 >2x/<0.5x	hop10 rec	hop10 first	hop10 std	polluted rec	polluted first	polluted std	polluted peak
ns=60	57.5	57.5	0.080	595.9	595.9	0.080	87.5	120.2	92.6	0.076	none	none	0.093	0/0	201.2	152.1	0.080	60.8	60.8	0.090	5.2
ns=120	62.2	62.2	0.039	1164.4	1164.4	0.039	65.3	155.5	98.8	0.030	none	none	0.062	0/0	253.4	253.4	0.039	71.7	71.7	0.048	6.2
ns=180	63.5	63.5	0.034	1742.3	1742.3	0.034	93.4	155.8	98.8	0.017	none	none	0.056	0/0	354.2	344.3	0.034	77.3	77.3	0.042	5.7

Tune trig

ctrl	up50 rec	up50 first	up50 std	down50 rec	down50 first	down50 std	down50 gap	epoch30 rec	epoch30 first	epoch30 std	walk10 rec	walk10 first	walk10 std	walk10 >2x/<0.5x	hop10 rec	hop10 first	hop10 std	polluted rec	polluted first	polluted std	polluted peak
trig=0.15	63.2	63.2	0.078	1098.2	1098.2	0.078	75.1	136.1	106.1	0.072	none	none	0.083	0/0	244.8	234.9	0.078	62.1	62.1	0.075	5.2
trig=0.25	62.2	62.2	0.039	1164.4	1164.4	0.039	65.3	155.5	98.8	0.030	none	none	0.062	0/0	253.4	253.4	0.039	71.7	71.7	0.048	6.2
trig=0.35	63.5	63.5	0.034	1238.4	1238.4	0.034	75.5	155.8	98.8	0.016	none	none	0.054	0/0	276.3	263.9	0.034	63.1	63.1	0.042	5.8

Tune clamp_pct

ctrl	up50 rec	up50 first	up50 std	down50 rec	down50 first	down50 std	down50 gap	epoch30 rec	epoch30 first	epoch30 std	walk10 rec	walk10 first	walk10 std	walk10 >2x/<0.5x	hop10 rec	hop10 first	hop10 std	polluted rec	polluted first	polluted std	polluted peak
clamp_pct=0.02	97.1	97.1	0.037	1091.3	1091.3	0.037	71.6	155.3	98.7	0.027	none	none	0.061	0/0	269.7	258.5	0.037	71.9	71.9	0.048	6.2
clamp_pct=0.03	62.2	62.2	0.039	1164.4	1164.4	0.039	65.3	155.5	98.8	0.030	none	none	0.062	0/0	253.4	253.4	0.039	71.7	71.7	0.048	6.2
clamp_pct=0.05	60.1	60.1	0.040	1371.6	1371.6	0.040	175.9	155.5	98.6	0.033	none	none	0.063	0/0	295.1	262.7	0.040	71.6	71.6	0.049	6.1

Tune ease_pct

ctrl	up50 rec	up50 first	up50 std	down50 rec	down50 first	down50 std	down50 gap	epoch30 rec	epoch30 first	epoch30 std	walk10 rec	walk10 first	walk10 std	walk10 >2x/<0.5x	hop10 rec	hop10 first	hop10 std	polluted rec	polluted first	polluted std	polluted peak
ease_pct=0.03	63.0	63.0	0.040	1786.2	1786.2	0.040	211.2	155.9	99.0	0.033	none	none	0.061	0/0	275.6	275.6	0.040	69.3	69.3	0.048	5.8
ease_pct=0.06	62.7	62.7	0.039	1282.5	1282.5	0.039	176.0	155.6	98.8	0.031	none	none	0.061	0/0	299.5	265.0	0.039	58.5	58.5	0.048	5.8
ease_pct=0.1	62.2	62.2	0.039	1164.4	1164.4	0.039	65.3	155.5	98.8	0.030	none	none	0.062	0/0	253.4	253.4	0.039	71.7	71.7	0.048	6.2
ease_pct=0.15	61.6	61.6	0.038	1111.4	1111.4	0.038	65.4	155.2	98.4	0.030	none	none	0.062	0/0	261.6	250.5	0.038	67.1	67.1	0.048	6.4

Tune k0

ctrl	up50 rec	up50 first	up50 std	down50 rec	down50 first	down50 std	down50 gap	epoch30 rec	epoch30 first	epoch30 std	walk10 rec	walk10 first	walk10 std	walk10 >2x/<0.5x	hop10 rec	hop10 first	hop10 std	polluted rec	polluted first	polluted std	polluted peak
k0=8	62.2	62.2	0.038	1144.7	1144.7	0.038	65.3	155.5	98.7	0.030	none	none	0.062	0/0	247.7	247.7	0.038	70.2	70.2	0.048	6.2
k0=16	62.2	62.2	0.039	1164.4	1164.4	0.039	65.3	155.5	98.8	0.030	none	none	0.062	0/0	253.4	253.4	0.039	71.7	71.7	0.048	6.2
k0=32	62.2	62.2	0.038	1169.9	1169.9	0.038	65.3	155.7	98.9	0.030	none	none	0.061	0/0	287.5	266.4	0.038	71.4	71.4	0.048	6.3

Tune cap

ctrl	up50 rec	up50 first	up50 std	down50 rec	down50 first	down50 std	down50 gap	epoch30 rec	epoch30 first	epoch30 std	walk10 rec	walk10 first	walk10 std	walk10 >2x/<0.5x	hop10 rec	hop10 first	hop10 std	polluted rec	polluted first	polluted std	polluted peak
cap=6	62.2	62.2	0.039	1164.4	1164.4	0.039	65.3	155.5	98.8	0.030	none	none	0.062	0/0	253.4	253.4	0.039	71.7	71.7	0.048	6.2
cap=20	61.7	61.7	0.038	657.4	657.4	0.038	35.3	143.7	86.5	0.030	none	none	0.062	0/0	211.9	208.1	0.038	70.0	70.0	0.049	8.5
cap=132	61.7	61.7	0.038	629.5	629.5	0.038	32.4	143.7	86.5	0.030	none	none	0.062	0/0	212.9	209.1	0.038	63.8	63.8	0.049	16.4

Test network

Igneum rule, 3 nodes, 3 CPU miners, 20 minutes (testnet-igneum-2026-10-03.csv), analysed with the same 61-block mean as the simulator:

block 1 at 2026-10-03T21:38:32.221000 schedule start 21:38:31 = 1 s before block 1
miner starts (s from block 1): [('A', -1.221), ('B', 358.779), ('C', 358.779), ('B+C stop', 778.8)]
| from s | blocks | blocks/s | mean difficulty | MH/s (work over 30 s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 5 | 0.17 | 262,143 | 0.087 |
| 30 | 3 | 0.10 | 262,143 | 0.052 |
| 60 | 6 | 0.20 | 190,283 | 0.076 |
| 90 | 22 | 0.73 | 62,248 | 0.091 |
| 120 | 16 | 0.53 | 33,904 | 0.036 |
| 150 | 25 | 0.83 | 31,146 | 0.052 |
| 180 | 37 | 1.23 | 31,340 | 0.077 |
| 210 | 38 | 1.27 | 32,492 | 0.082 |
| 240 | 27 | 0.90 | 32,722 | 0.059 |
| 270 | 30 | 1.00 | 32,591 | 0.065 |
| 300 | 29 | 0.97 | 32,698 | 0.063 |
| 330 | 28 | 0.93 | 32,395 | 0.060 |
| 360 | 57 | 1.90 | 35,345 | 0.134 |
| 390 | 25 | 0.83 | 44,446 | 0.074 |
| 420 | 26 | 0.87 | 35,183 | 0.061 |
| 450 | 23 | 0.77 | 34,670 | 0.053 |
| 480 | 39 | 1.30 | 34,488 | 0.090 |
| 510 | 34 | 1.13 | 34,902 | 0.079 |
| 540 | 48 | 1.60 | 38,841 | 0.124 |
| 570 | 27 | 0.90 | 49,788 | 0.090 |
| 600 | 31 | 1.03 | 49,682 | 0.103 |
| 630 | 39 | 1.30 | 56,451 | 0.147 |
| 660 | 23 | 0.77 | 57,562 | 0.088 |
| 690 | 36 | 1.20 | 57,271 | 0.137 |
| 720 | 20 | 0.67 | 58,646 | 0.078 |
| 750 | 35 | 1.17 | 51,839 | 0.121 |
| 780 | 16 | 0.53 | 43,030 | 0.046 |
| 810 | 19 | 0.63 | 40,907 | 0.052 |
| 840 | 26 | 0.87 | 40,517 | 0.070 |
| 870 | 15 | 0.50 | 39,733 | 0.040 |
| 900 | 30 | 1.00 | 28,790 | 0.058 |
| 930 | 17 | 0.57 | 26,404 | 0.030 |
| 960 | 43 | 1.43 | 24,354 | 0.070 |
| 990 | 27 | 0.90 | 26,346 | 0.047 |
| 1020 | 40 | 1.33 | 29,237 | 0.078 |
| 1050 | 42 | 1.40 | 38,348 | 0.107 |
| 1080 | 39 | 1.30 | 42,203 | 0.110 |
| 1110 | 21 | 0.70 | 41,639 | 0.058 |
| 1140 | 39 | 1.30 | 38,832 | 0.101 |
| 1170 | 30 | 1.00 | 39,650 | 0.079 |

segments (hash rate = expected hashes over wall time):
  0 to 359 s: 0.0653 MH/s
  359 to 779 s: 0.0988 MH/s
  779 to 1192 s: 0.0686 MH/s

recovery after each event (61-block centred mean of expected rate within 10% of 1 block/s):
  start at 0 s: first within 10% 132 s, settled (60 blocks) 132 s, worst gap 15.4 s, blocks after 1133
  A at -1 s: first within 10% 134 s, settled (60 blocks) 134 s, worst gap 15.4 s, blocks after 1133
  B at 359 s: first within 10% 214 s, settled (60 blocks) 214 s, worst gap 7.3 s, blocks after 869
  C at 359 s: first within 10% 214 s, settled (60 blocks) 214 s, worst gap 7.3 s, blocks after 869
  B+C stop at 779 s: first within 10% 85 s, settled (60 blocks) none s, worst gap 7.3 s, blocks after 404

Kaspa rule, same network and genesis, 10 minutes (testnet-kaspa-2026-10-03.csv): 70 blocks, bits 0x1e200000 on every header, 0.08 blocks/s, worst gap 63 s, delivered 0.042 MH/s; no retarget (block 600 was about 2 hours away).

Live replay, 4 October 2026 (`sim.py --live records/live-2026-10-04.csv --hashrate records/live-2026-10-04-hashrate.csv --dag-delay 0.75`)

The record's row is the live chain over the same UTC window; every other row is the DAG model with that controller. Windows: solo 09:25 to 10:04 (PC 1 + Mac), join 10:20 to 10:31 (three short windows after PC 2 joined at 10:12), rejoin 10:42 to 10:54 (after PC 2 came back at 10:35), both 10:17 to 10:32 (the whole polluted window).

The brief's candidates and the reference-window cap

Window solo (seeds 7, 8, 9: mean)

rule	blocks/s	chain blocks merging 2+ %	difficulty mean M	min M	max M	std log D	peaks over 15%	mean peak/trough	blocks/min min	blocks/min max	lane flips	short lane %
record	1.06	38.7	63.1	56.7	82.2	0.053	1.0	1.45	49.0	79.0	none	none
igneum	1.03	35.0	72.5	63.7	87.4	0.054	4.7	1.29	46.7	77.0	21.0	5.6
igneum:ns=240	1.04	35.3	71.4	64.3	97.5	0.060	1.7	1.40	48.0	80.3	6.7	0.7
igneum:ns=360	1.06	37.3	71.2	63.7	99.9	0.068	1.0	1.51	49.0	79.0	2.7	0.1
igneum:ease_pct=0.03	1.04	35.5	71.4	64.0	92.6	0.062	2.7	1.35	47.7	77.0	13.0	6.2
igneum:clamp_window=1000	1.02	35.0	72.8	64.0	95.7	0.067	2.0	1.37	46.0	78.3	25.3	6.2
igneum:trig_exit=0.10	1.04	36.2	71.6	62.6	91.8	0.068	1.7	1.41	49.3	78.7	3.7	13.1
igneum:median3=1	1.04	36.3	71.5	64.4	86.1	0.056	3.0	1.34	47.7	77.0	11.0	5.3
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25	1.02	36.5	73.4	60.9	91.9	0.070	6.0	1.31	49.3	74.0	65.0	43.5
igneum:ref_window=600	1.00	34.8	74.6	67.6	89.7	0.044	0.7	1.38	47.0	73.7	2.0	0.5
igneum:ref_window=1200	1.00	34.0	74.7	65.3	86.9	0.038	1.0	1.32	47.7	77.0	5.7	1.0
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25+ref_window=600	1.00	34.1	74.6	66.2	89.6	0.050	1.7	1.26	46.7	74.7	72.0	21.2
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25+ref_window=600+clamp_window=1000	1.00	34.8	74.5	67.7	87.6	0.041	1.0	1.26	48.7	72.3	80.3	17.2
igneum:trig_exit=0.10+ref_window=600	1.00	34.3	74.2	67.5	79.8	0.046	0.3	1.15	49.3	74.0	0.0	0.0
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25+ref_window=1200	1.00	35.3	74.3	64.3	87.2	0.041	1.7	1.31	48.7	71.7	74.7	25.0

Window join (seeds 7, 8, 9: mean)

rule	blocks/s	chain blocks merging 2+ %	difficulty mean M	min M	max M	std log D	peaks over 15%	mean peak/trough	blocks/min min	blocks/min max	lane flips	short lane %
record	1.08	36.3	128.2	101.8	164.3	0.134	4.0	1.37	59.0	72.0	none	none
igneum	1.10	37.1	128.8	110.7	167.2	0.115	4.3	1.31	56.7	73.7	22.3	38.1
igneum:ns=240	1.07	36.3	132.8	108.4	159.5	0.125	1.3	1.42	53.3	73.3	10.3	58.9
igneum:ns=360	1.07	36.4	132.9	112.2	151.7	0.107	1.0	1.29	52.7	77.0	11.3	60.4
igneum:ease_pct=0.03	1.11	36.9	127.1	108.7	164.9	0.113	3.0	1.34	56.7	72.7	20.3	31.5
igneum:clamp_window=1000	1.09	36.3	129.3	106.1	164.5	0.132	4.3	1.34	57.7	78.7	20.7	55.2
igneum:trig_exit=0.10	1.02	34.1	142.2	121.2	171.7	0.090	2.0	1.32	50.7	72.7	1.7	77.6
igneum:median3=1	1.09	36.2	129.0	110.9	170.4	0.124	4.7	1.32	55.0	75.3	15.0	37.0
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25	1.03	35.7	137.6	114.6	168.0	0.110	3.0	1.30	54.0	71.3	13.0	84.0
igneum:ref_window=600	1.01	33.0	140.9	130.1	147.6	0.024	0.0	none	55.0	68.0	0.0	0.0
igneum:ref_window=1200	1.07	35.4	133.4	112.5	166.7	0.108	3.7	1.31	54.3	77.0	14.3	28.3
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25+ref_window=600	1.02	34.7	139.7	123.1	159.3	0.047	1.0	1.29	53.0	71.3	27.7	26.1
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25+ref_window=600+clamp_window=1000	1.00	34.2	140.6	128.0	160.6	0.034	0.7	1.28	51.3	66.3	24.0	24.9
igneum:trig_exit=0.10+ref_window=600	1.00	34.8	141.9	127.8	159.1	0.035	0.3	1.45	51.7	68.0	1.0	4.4
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25+ref_window=1200	1.04	35.2	137.6	112.6	166.0	0.103	2.7	1.33	53.0	70.7	16.7	77.1

Window rejoin (seeds 7, 8, 9: mean)

rule	blocks/s	chain blocks merging 2+ %	difficulty mean M	min M	max M	std log D	peaks over 15%	mean peak/trough	blocks/min min	blocks/min max	lane flips	short lane %
record	1.10	34.6	121.2	112.5	150.4	0.067	3.0	1.31	55.0	75.0	none	none
igneum	1.07	35.5	125.0	118.7	149.6	0.045	1.7	1.25	54.7	75.0	8.7	4.2
igneum:ns=240	1.10	37.2	125.2	118.2	139.4	0.043	0.3	1.27	56.3	76.0	0.7	0.5
igneum:ns=360	1.09	34.3	125.6	117.5	133.7	0.041	0.0	none	55.7	75.0	0.0	0.0
igneum:ease_pct=0.03	1.08	35.0	125.1	118.1	158.9	0.055	1.3	1.34	54.7	72.3	9.3	5.9
igneum:clamp_window=1000	1.10	36.5	125.7	116.9	157.4	0.054	1.0	1.35	57.3	75.0	10.0	6.9
igneum:trig_exit=0.10	1.05	34.2	130.4	121.7	145.8	0.054	0.7	1.26	53.7	72.0	1.3	19.2
igneum:median3=1	1.11	38.1	126.6	118.4	156.9	0.056	2.3	1.28	59.3	73.7	7.0	6.7
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25	1.06	36.0	128.5	120.6	157.7	0.055	1.0	1.23	53.7	71.0	30.0	52.6
igneum:ref_window=600	1.00	34.0	137.8	125.6	144.0	0.028	0.0	none	52.3	70.0	0.0	0.0
igneum:ref_window=1200	1.07	38.0	130.8	124.1	150.6	0.048	1.0	1.32	52.7	73.7	4.7	4.7
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25+ref_window=600	1.02	34.4	134.0	117.6	150.4	0.046	0.7	1.31	51.7	69.3	19.7	16.7
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25+ref_window=600+clamp_window=1000	1.00	34.7	133.6	119.2	146.0	0.040	0.0	none	48.7	68.0	22.7	14.6
igneum:trig_exit=0.10+ref_window=600	1.01	34.8	135.8	119.9	152.6	0.044	0.3	1.44	52.7	68.0	1.0	4.3
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25+ref_window=1200	1.05	34.4	128.8	121.6	152.8	0.044	1.7	1.22	55.3	71.0	24.3	33.1

Window both (seeds 7, 8, 9: mean)

rule	blocks/s	chain blocks merging 2+ %	difficulty mean M	min M	max M	std log D	peaks over 15%	mean peak/trough	blocks/min min	blocks/min max	lane flips	short lane %
record	1.08	36.3	129.2	101.8	164.3	0.123	5.0	1.33	54.0	81.0	none	none
igneum	1.08	36.2	128.1	104.1	169.2	0.118	5.3	1.33	53.7	77.0	28.0	43.3
igneum:ns=240	1.04	36.0	133.4	108.4	159.5	0.117	2.0	1.35	50.7	75.7	10.3	64.0
igneum:ns=360	1.05	36.7	133.5	112.2	151.7	0.101	1.7	1.26	52.3	77.7	11.7	66.1
igneum:ease_pct=0.03	1.08	37.0	126.7	102.6	165.3	0.113	4.3	1.42	51.7	76.0	29.3	38.1
igneum:clamp_window=1000	1.06	35.9	129.1	103.2	164.5	0.132	4.3	1.36	53.0	79.3	25.0	57.8
igneum:trig_exit=0.10	1.00	35.4	140.4	120.3	173.2	0.095	2.7	1.32	49.0	73.0	1.7	77.8
igneum:median3=1	1.06	35.1	129.7	105.7	170.4	0.123	5.7	1.35	52.0	78.3	17.7	43.2
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25	1.01	34.9	137.8	114.6	168.0	0.107	4.3	1.29	51.0	73.0	14.7	84.4
igneum:ref_window=600	1.01	34.2	138.0	107.6	152.0	0.066	0.3	1.57	47.3	72.0	5.3	5.7
igneum:ref_window=1200	1.05	35.9	133.9	108.0	168.0	0.109	5.0	1.30	51.7	77.3	18.7	38.1
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25+ref_window=600	1.01	34.2	136.6	108.9	159.3	0.067	2.3	1.27	50.0	71.3	30.7	38.5
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25+ref_window=600+clamp_window=1000	0.99	35.0	139.3	116.6	160.6	0.053	1.7	1.31	47.0	70.0	26.3	38.4
igneum:trig_exit=0.10+ref_window=600	0.99	34.8	140.4	120.4	162.2	0.047	1.0	1.29	48.7	71.0	1.7	20.8
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25+ref_window=1200	1.01	34.2	136.7	111.2	166.0	0.100	3.0	1.36	50.7	71.0	19.7	78.3

Narrowing the cap (480 to 1,200) and the cap with hysteresis

Window solo (seeds 7, 8, 9: mean)

rule	blocks/s	chain blocks merging 2+ %	difficulty mean M	min M	max M	std log D	peaks over 15%	mean peak/trough	blocks/min min	blocks/min max	lane flips	short lane %
record	1.06	38.7	63.1	56.7	82.2	0.053	1.0	1.45	49.0	79.0	none	none
igneum	1.03	35.0	72.5	63.7	87.4	0.054	4.7	1.29	46.7	77.0	21.0	5.6
igneum:ref_window=600	1.00	34.8	74.6	67.6	89.7	0.044	0.7	1.38	47.0	73.7	2.0	0.5
igneum:ref_window=720	1.00	34.2	75.5	68.3	87.4	0.053	1.0	1.33	46.0	73.3	3.3	1.2
igneum:ref_window=900	1.00	35.2	75.1	69.2	84.7	0.043	0.3	1.35	45.3	75.0	2.7	0.4
igneum:ref_window=600+trig_exit=0.10	1.00	34.3	74.2	67.5	79.8	0.046	0.3	1.15	49.3	74.0	0.0	0.0
igneum:ref_window=480	1.01	35.0	74.4	65.9	81.4	0.052	0.0	none	46.3	73.0	0.0	0.0

Window join (seeds 7, 8, 9: mean)

rule	blocks/s	chain blocks merging 2+ %	difficulty mean M	min M	max M	std log D	peaks over 15%	mean peak/trough	blocks/min min	blocks/min max	lane flips	short lane %
record	1.08	36.3	128.2	101.8	164.3	0.134	4.0	1.37	59.0	72.0	none	none
igneum	1.10	37.1	128.8	110.7	167.2	0.115	4.3	1.31	56.7	73.7	22.3	38.1
igneum:ref_window=600	1.01	33.0	140.9	130.1	147.6	0.024	0.0	none	55.0	68.0	0.0	0.0
igneum:ref_window=720	1.04	35.3	136.4	116.7	149.3	0.055	0.0	none	53.3	72.0	4.3	0.6
igneum:ref_window=900	1.06	36.2	134.2	112.4	151.4	0.081	0.7	1.32	53.0	73.7	8.3	8.6
igneum:ref_window=600+trig_exit=0.10	1.00	34.8	141.9	127.8	159.1	0.035	0.3	1.45	51.7	68.0	1.0	4.4
igneum:ref_window=480	1.00	35.0	141.3	134.0	146.6	0.021	0.0	none	52.0	69.7	0.0	0.0

Window rejoin (seeds 7, 8, 9: mean)

rule	blocks/s	chain blocks merging 2+ %	difficulty mean M	min M	max M	std log D	peaks over 15%	mean peak/trough	blocks/min min	blocks/min max	lane flips	short lane %
record	1.10	34.6	121.2	112.5	150.4	0.067	3.0	1.31	55.0	75.0	none	none
igneum	1.07	35.5	125.0	118.7	149.6	0.045	1.7	1.25	54.7	75.0	8.7	4.2
igneum:ref_window=600	1.01	34.0	137.8	125.6	144.0	0.028	0.0	none	52.3	70.0	0.0	0.0
igneum:ref_window=720	1.03	34.5	132.3	116.2	140.5	0.052	0.0	none	53.7	71.0	2.7	0.5
igneum:ref_window=900	1.05	36.1	129.5	118.2	139.1	0.063	0.0	none	53.0	71.7	1.3	0.1
igneum:ref_window=600+trig_exit=0.10	1.01	34.8	135.8	119.9	152.6	0.044	0.3	1.44	52.7	68.0	1.0	4.3
igneum:ref_window=480	0.99	34.0	135.0	128.8	141.0	0.019	0.0	none	52.7	66.3	0.0	0.0

Rule v2 (cap 600, epoch lane only) against the cap with the long lane kept

Window solo (seeds 7, 8, 9: mean)

rule	blocks/s	chain blocks merging 2+ %	difficulty mean M	min M	max M	std log D	peaks over 15%	mean peak/trough	blocks/min min	blocks/min max	lane flips	short lane %
record	1.06	38.7	63.1	56.7	82.2	0.053	1.0	1.45	49.0	79.0	none	none
igneum	1.03	35.0	72.5	63.7	87.4	0.054	4.7	1.29	46.7	77.0	21.0	5.6
igneum:ref_window=600	1.00	34.8	74.6	67.6	89.7	0.044	0.7	1.38	47.0	73.7	2.0	0.5
igneum:ref_window=600+long_min=100000	1.01	35.6	74.2	66.6	83.9	0.050	0.3	1.38	46.0	73.3	0.7	0.2
igneum:ref_window=480+long_min=100000	1.01	35.0	74.4	65.9	81.4	0.052	0.0	none	46.3	73.0	0.0	0.0

Window join (seeds 7, 8, 9: mean)

rule	blocks/s	chain blocks merging 2+ %	difficulty mean M	min M	max M	std log D	peaks over 15%	mean peak/trough	blocks/min min	blocks/min max	lane flips	short lane %
record	1.08	36.3	128.2	101.8	164.3	0.134	4.0	1.37	59.0	72.0	none	none
igneum	1.10	37.1	128.8	110.7	167.2	0.115	4.3	1.31	56.7	73.7	22.3	38.1
igneum:ref_window=600	1.01	33.0	140.9	130.1	147.6	0.024	0.0	none	55.0	68.0	0.0	0.0
igneum:ref_window=600+long_min=100000	1.00	33.8	142.6	130.3	149.8	0.026	0.0	none	52.0	67.7	0.0	0.0
igneum:ref_window=480+long_min=100000	1.00	35.0	141.3	134.0	146.6	0.021	0.0	none	52.0	69.7	0.0	0.0

Window rejoin (seeds 7, 8, 9: mean)

rule	blocks/s	chain blocks merging 2+ %	difficulty mean M	min M	max M	std log D	peaks over 15%	mean peak/trough	blocks/min min	blocks/min max	lane flips	short lane %
record	1.10	34.6	121.2	112.5	150.4	0.067	3.0	1.31	55.0	75.0	none	none
igneum	1.07	35.5	125.0	118.7	149.6	0.045	1.7	1.25	54.7	75.0	8.7	4.2
igneum:ref_window=600	1.01	34.0	137.8	125.6	144.0	0.028	0.0	none	52.3	70.0	0.0	0.0
igneum:ref_window=600+long_min=100000	1.01	34.2	136.1	123.0	143.5	0.031	0.0	none	51.7	70.0	0.0	0.0
igneum:ref_window=480+long_min=100000	0.99	34.0	135.0	128.8	141.0	0.019	0.0	none	52.7	66.3	0.0	0.0

Window both (seeds 7, 8, 9: mean)

rule	blocks/s	chain blocks merging 2+ %	difficulty mean M	min M	max M	std log D	peaks over 15%	mean peak/trough	blocks/min min	blocks/min max	lane flips	short lane %
record	1.08	36.3	129.2	101.8	164.3	0.123	5.0	1.33	54.0	81.0	none	none
igneum	1.08	36.2	128.1	104.1	169.2	0.118	5.3	1.33	53.7	77.0	28.0	43.3
igneum:ref_window=600	1.01	34.2	138.0	107.6	152.0	0.066	0.3	1.57	47.3	72.0	5.3	5.7
igneum:ref_window=600+long_min=100000	1.00	34.5	139.4	114.0	157.9	0.071	0.7	1.21	44.3	74.3	2.3	6.8
igneum:ref_window=480+long_min=100000	1.00	34.8	138.5	112.4	147.7	0.056	0.0	none	44.0	73.3	1.0	0.2

Seed 7 raw output of the candidate run (hash-rate schedule and every window)

Live replay of records/live-2026-10-04.csv: 6741 headers, DAG model, seed 7, delay scale 0.75

Hash-rate schedule (from the log intake and the Mac's bench value), MH/s:

time UTC	worker	node	MH/s
09:07:31	mac-metal	mac	26.7
09:11:03	PC1-nvidia	pc	121.0
09:11:04	PC1-amd	pc	2.5
09:11:35	PC1-amd	pc	2.7
09:19:13	PC1-amd	pc	2.8
09:45:07	PC1-nvidia	pc	119.7
09:45:37	PC1-nvidia	pc	108.1
09:51:38	PC1-nvidia	pc	117.6
09:52:08	PC1-nvidia	pc	122.1
09:53:08	PC1-nvidia	pc	114.9
09:54:09	PC1-nvidia	pc	113.2
09:54:39	PC1-nvidia	pc	121.2
10:03:11	PC2-amd	mac	3.2
10:04:12	PC2-amd	mac	3.5
10:04:40	PC2-nvidia	mac	0.0
10:05:03	PC1-amd	pc	1.5
10:05:15	PC2-nvidia	mac	0.0
10:05:28	PC2-nvidia	mac	0.0
10:05:34	PC1-amd	pc	2.8
10:06:03	PC2-nvidia	mac	0.0
10:06:30	PC2-nvidia	mac	0.0
10:07:05	PC2-nvidia	mac	0.0
10:07:35	PC2-nvidia	mac	0.0
10:08:45	PC2-nvidia	mac	0.0
10:09:21	PC2-amd	mac	0.0
10:12:17	PC2-nvidia	mac	122.0
10:12:17	PC2-amd	mac	3.2
10:12:47	PC2-amd	mac	3.4
10:18:22	PC2-amd	mac	3.1
10:18:52	PC2-amd	mac	3.3
10:21:42	PC1-nvidia	pc	116.3
10:21:59	PC2-amd	mac	0.0
10:22:42	PC1-nvidia	pc	121.7
10:31:25	PC2-nvidia	mac	0.0
10:35:19	PC2-nvidia	mac	121.6
10:35:20	PC2-amd	mac	3.2
10:35:50	PC2-amd	mac	3.4
10:36:04	PC1-amd	pc	2.9
10:41:54	PC2-amd	mac	3.4
10:54:52	PC1-amd	pc	2.9
10:55:38	PC2-amd	mac	0.0
10:56:58	PC1-amd	pc	0.0
10:58:56	PC2-nvidia	mac	0.0
11:00:20	PC1-nvidia	pc	0.0

Window solo (09:25 to 10:04 UTC)

source	blocks	blocks/s	chain/s	blues per chain block	chain blocks merging 2+ %	blocks with 2+ parents %	chain step median ms	difficulty mean M	min M	max M	std log D	peaks over 15%	mean peak/trough	peak spacing chain blocks	blocks/min min	blocks/min max	lane flips	short lane %
record	2471	1.06	0.72	1.470	38.7	38.3	1085	63.1	56.7	82.2	0.053	1	1.45	none	49	79	none	none
igneum	2466	1.05	0.74	1.422	34.4	34.8	1107.4	71.6	58.2	92.5	0.071	7	1.26	125.8	44	81	39	9.1
igneum:ns=240	2478	1.06	0.74	1.431	35.2	34.9	1121.0	70.6	61.9	110.0	0.094	2	1.46	1396.0	46	85	8	0.5
igneum:ns=360	2536	1.08	0.74	1.457	37.5	37.8	1089.2	69.8	61.2	84.4	0.072	1	1.23	none	52	82	2	0.1
igneum:ease_pct=0.03	2464	1.05	0.73	1.436	36.6	36.6	1108.0	72.0	61.8	96.7	0.087	3	1.42	639.0	49	79	19	11.8
igneum:clamp_window=1000	2444	1.04	0.73	1.427	34.4	34.6	1116.5	72.0	62.5	101.9	0.088	2	1.40	183.0	48	83	43	9.3
igneum:trig_exit=0.10	2415	1.03	0.71	1.448	36.9	35.9	1177.8	71.5	60.7	92.0	0.082	2	1.45	507.0	47	76	5	20.9
igneum:median3=1	2451	1.05	0.73	1.442	36.8	36.7	1126.6	70.4	61.8	90.6	0.076	4	1.34	181.0	46	79	23	9.6
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25	2362	1.01	0.71	1.425	35.1	35.6	1133.4	73.7	59.4	95.3	0.097	7	1.37	210.3	47	75	61	49.1
igneum:ref_window=600	2365	1.01	0.71	1.428	35.1	34.8	1161.0	74.6	68.1	95.0	0.047	1	1.40	none	47	73	4	1.0
igneum:ref_window=1200	2353	1.01	0.71	1.409	34.0	34.0	1164.9	74.8	63.0	92.7	0.035	2	1.34	733.0	49	75	9	2.1
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25+ref_window=600	2332	1.00	0.71	1.412	33.6	33.2	1184.4	75.9	65.2	93.2	0.056	2	1.30	986.0	46	74	72	24.9
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25+ref_window=600+clamp_window=1000	2342	1.00	0.70	1.427	35.3	36.2	1155.4	74.9	64.8	93.6	0.061	2	1.27	973.0	47	76	98	31.8
igneum:trig_exit=0.10+ref_window=600	2351	1.00	0.71	1.413	33.9	34.0	1132.4	74.1	66.8	80.2	0.048	1	1.15	none	49	75	0	0.0
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25+ref_window=1200	2334	1.00	0.70	1.415	34.9	34.2	1140.2	74.5	64.7	94.8	0.051	2	1.40	776.0	49	70	85	38.8

Window both (10:17 to 10:32 UTC)

source	blocks	blocks/s	chain/s	blues per chain block	chain blocks merging 2+ %	blocks with 2+ parents %	chain step median ms	difficulty mean M	min M	max M	std log D	peaks over 15%	mean peak/trough	peak spacing chain blocks	blocks/min min	blocks/min max	lane flips	short lane %
record	975	1.08	0.74	1.455	36.3	36.4	1073	129.2	101.8	164.3	0.123	5	1.33	132.0	54	81	none	none
igneum	952	1.06	0.73	1.451	36.0	34.7	1066.4	129.7	106.3	171.1	0.134	4	1.32	142.7	53	74	17	56.9
igneum:ns=240	946	1.05	0.71	1.474	37.5	37.2	1117.2	129.4	108.7	154.2	0.115	1	1.42	none	53	73	9	55.6
igneum:ns=360	952	1.06	0.74	1.427	34.3	33.3	1050.0	131.9	104.8	149.0	0.105	3	1.33	107.0	50	81	15	76.5
igneum:ease_pct=0.03	994	1.10	0.74	1.495	38.6	38.7	1029.5	120.2	102.3	159.4	0.112	6	1.29	80.0	52	75	35	34.6
igneum:clamp_window=1000	964	1.07	0.72	1.479	38.7	40.4	1078.9	124.8	101.3	174.0	0.146	4	1.39	92.7	55	82	21	48.3
igneum:trig_exit=0.10	918	1.02	0.71	1.439	36.5	36.4	1050.2	130.6	113.8	160.1	0.091	2	1.30	162.0	51	72	3	62.2
igneum:median3=1	941	1.05	0.73	1.424	34.6	34.9	1009.3	127.2	101.3	167.0	0.130	3	1.44	106.5	50	75	11	57.0
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25	919	1.02	0.71	1.443	37.4	36.1	1106.9	131.6	112.5	159.5	0.098	5	1.25	126.5	49	71	21	84.9
igneum:ref_window=600	892	0.99	0.70	1.425	34.2	36.1	1125.4	134.2	113.0	148.3	0.045	0	none	none	51	67	9	4.0
igneum:ref_window=1200	962	1.07	0.75	1.434	36.1	36.0	1033.0	127.0	102.4	153.5	0.100	7	1.27	65.8	57	75	29	35.8
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25+ref_window=600	902	1.00	0.69	1.457	36.7	37.7	1134.0	137.9	115.0	176.6	0.071	3	1.29	176.5	52	70	24	39.1
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25+ref_window=600+clamp_window=1000	886	0.98	0.69	1.434	36.6	36.1	1125.5	136.6	119.6	165.7	0.054	2	1.29	366.0	47	70	33	35.3
igneum:trig_exit=0.10+ref_window=600	884	0.98	0.69	1.417	34.1	32.6	1170.3	138.8	122.9	151.8	0.033	0	none	none	49	69	1	15.4
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25+ref_window=1200	921	1.02	0.71	1.446	36.9	36.9	1104.5	128.0	103.2	155.2	0.109	2	1.42	174.0	52	72	31	66.7

Window join (10:20 to 10:31 UTC)

source	blocks	blocks/s	chain/s	blues per chain block	chain blocks merging 2+ %	blocks with 2+ parents %	chain step median ms	difficulty mean M	min M	max M	std log D	peaks over 15%	mean peak/trough	peak spacing chain blocks	blocks/min min	blocks/min max	lane flips	short lane %
record	711	1.08	0.74	1.448	36.3	35.9	1068	128.2	101.8	164.3	0.134	4	1.37	106.0	59	72	none	none
igneum	719	1.09	0.74	1.464	37.5	35.9	1065.3	129.7	106.3	171.1	0.149	3	1.35	127.5	55	74	17	50.5
igneum:ns=240	709	1.07	0.72	1.499	39.1	38.9	1118.4	127.3	108.7	154.2	0.120	1	1.42	none	53	73	9	48.4
igneum:ns=360	720	1.09	0.76	1.437	34.7	34.3	1050.0	130.4	104.8	149.0	0.114	2	1.35	163.0	50	81	14	71.3
igneum:ease_pct=0.03	765	1.16	0.77	1.506	39.4	39.3	1013.8	117.3	102.3	158.2	0.109	4	1.32	103.7	56	75	32	23.2
igneum:clamp_window=1000	734	1.11	0.75	1.477	39.0	40.3	1037.9	122.8	101.4	174.0	0.138	4	1.39	92.7	56	82	18	45.5
igneum:trig_exit=0.10	706	1.07	0.74	1.444	36.2	36.3	1050.0	128.9	113.8	155.6	0.087	2	1.30	162.0	55	72	3	57.7
igneum:median3=1	718	1.09	0.75	1.442	35.9	36.1	987.2	125.5	101.3	167.0	0.138	3	1.44	106.5	53	75	11	50.8
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25	694	1.05	0.72	1.452	38.7	37.2	1050.0	129.8	112.5	159.5	0.096	3	1.28	118.5	56	71	18	82.6
igneum:ref_window=600	657	1.00	0.70	1.413	34.0	35.2	1109.1	136.2	131.1	142.7	0.019	0	none	none	54	67	0	0.0
igneum:ref_window=1200	735	1.11	0.77	1.441	36.7	36.1	1030.5	124.0	104.9	149.8	0.097	5	1.27	52.0	61	75	25	22.7
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25+ref_window=600	671	1.02	0.70	1.462	37.5	37.7	1103.6	140.5	124.6	176.6	0.059	2	1.29	40.0	53	70	22	30.7
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25+ref_window=600+clamp_window=1000	657	1.00	0.70	1.419	35.0	33.5	1100.9	136.1	123.9	165.7	0.042	1	1.34	none	47	65	32	26.1
igneum:trig_exit=0.10+ref_window=600	666	1.01	0.71	1.417	34.0	31.8	1162.8	138.4	128.8	142.6	0.023	0	none	none	52	69	0	0.0
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25+ref_window=1200	700	1.06	0.72	1.464	38.3	38.1	1105.4	127.8	104.2	155.2	0.104	2	1.42	174.0	55	72	24	67.2

Window rejoin (10:42 to 10:54 UTC)

source	blocks	blocks/s	chain/s	blues per chain block	chain blocks merging 2+ %	blocks with 2+ parents %	chain step median ms	difficulty mean M	min M	max M	std log D	peaks over 15%	mean peak/trough	peak spacing chain blocks	blocks/min min	blocks/min max	lane flips	short lane %
record	794	1.10	0.79	1.400	34.6	36.3	1072	121.2	112.5	150.4	0.067	3	1.31	206.5	55	75	none	none
igneum	790	1.10	0.76	1.450	36.9	34.8	1023.3	124.8	117.4	155.9	0.045	3	1.24	22.5	60	74	16	5.9
igneum:ns=240	798	1.11	0.75	1.483	39.2	40.4	1115.3	124.8	117.2	148.7	0.045	1	1.27	none	59	74	2	1.5
igneum:ns=360	787	1.09	0.78	1.405	32.3	32.7	1057.8	126.6	117.0	134.5	0.044	0	none	none	56	75	0	0.0
igneum:ease_pct=0.03	787	1.09	0.75	1.457	34.8	33.8	1059.6	124.7	115.7	153.4	0.062	1	1.33	none	58	73	8	8.1
igneum:clamp_window=1000	798	1.11	0.76	1.459	36.0	37.0	1050.0	127.7	117.4	160.6	0.066	1	1.37	none	60	74	6	8.4
igneum:trig_exit=0.10	794	1.10	0.75	1.468	37.2	36.9	1078.4	125.6	121.0	138.4	0.033	0	none	none	57	74	1	2.8
igneum:median3=1	826	1.15	0.75	1.524	40.8	42.0	1117.7	122.9	113.3	158.7	0.066	3	1.35	198.0	61	76	10	8.1
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25	791	1.10	0.75	1.459	36.9	36.5	1130.7	126.6	117.7	149.8	0.055	1	1.20	none	58	70	23	65.5
igneum:ref_window=600	723	1.00	0.70	1.432	34.5	35.8	1139.2	138.9	127.5	146.9	0.027	0	none	none	54	75	0	0.0
igneum:ref_window=1200	766	1.06	0.72	1.470	36.9	35.5	1084.6	132.9	128.2	145.0	0.036	0	none	none	55	74	0	0.0
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25+ref_window=600	750	1.04	0.73	1.426	34.8	34.1	1091.6	137.1	118.5	156.6	0.050	1	1.30	none	52	72	19	17.5
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25+ref_window=600+clamp_window=1000	709	0.98	0.70	1.404	32.3	31.7	1118.5	135.3	124.7	144.8	0.033	0	none	none	48	69	28	14.3
igneum:trig_exit=0.10+ref_window=600	748	1.04	0.73	1.430	35.2	34.5	1115.0	135.3	118.2	142.6	0.035	0	none	none	52	71	0	0.0
igneum:soft=0.10/0.25+ref_window=1200	763	1.06	0.73	1.442	34.0	35.0	1134.7	130.4	122.6	160.5	0.057	2	1.23	51.0	57	72	22	33.8

55 KiB Raw Blame History

sim/difficulty results, 3 October 2026

Synthetic set, honest timestamps

up50: hash rate x50 at 3 h

down50: hash rate /50 at 3 h

epoch30: x1.3 or /1.3 at each epoch boundary from epoch 2

walk10: 10% per hour log random walk

hop3: 3x pool hops in and out every 15 min from 3 h

hop10: 10x pool hops in and out every 15 min from 3 h

polluted: window polluted by a pre-step slow period (21 min at 0.11 blocks/s, 13 min idle, then 0.6 blocks/s at genesis difficulty)

warmup-hard: genesis difficulty 10x too hard

warmup-easy: genesis difficulty 10x too easy

Synthetic set, +-500 ms timestamp jitter

up50: hash rate x50 at 3 h

down50: hash rate /50 at 3 h

epoch30: x1.3 or /1.3 at each epoch boundary from epoch 2

hop10: 10x pool hops in and out every 15 min from 3 h

polluted: window polluted by a pre-step slow period (21 min at 0.11 blocks/s, 13 min idle, then 0.6 blocks/s at genesis difficulty)

The devnet record

Exact replay of Kaspa's rule on the record

real: the devnet record replayed as a hash-rate profile

Tuning sweeps

Tune ns

Tune trig

Tune clamp_pct

Tune ease_pct

Tune k0

Tune cap

Tune ns

Tune trig

Tune clamp_pct

Tune ease_pct

Tune k0

Tune cap

Test network

Live replay, 4 October 2026 (sim.py --live records/live-2026-10-04.csv --hashrate records/live-2026-10-04-hashrate.csv --dag-delay 0.75)

The brief's candidates and the reference-window cap

Window solo (seeds 7, 8, 9: mean)

Window join (seeds 7, 8, 9: mean)

Window rejoin (seeds 7, 8, 9: mean)

Window both (seeds 7, 8, 9: mean)

Narrowing the cap (480 to 1,200) and the cap with hysteresis

Window solo (seeds 7, 8, 9: mean)

Window join (seeds 7, 8, 9: mean)

Window rejoin (seeds 7, 8, 9: mean)

Rule v2 (cap 600, epoch lane only) against the cap with the long lane kept

Window solo (seeds 7, 8, 9: mean)

Window join (seeds 7, 8, 9: mean)

Window rejoin (seeds 7, 8, 9: mean)

Window both (seeds 7, 8, 9: mean)

Seed 7 raw output of the candidate run (hash-rate schedule and every window)

Live replay of records/live-2026-10-04.csv: 6741 headers, DAG model, seed 7, delay scale 0.75

Window solo (09:25 to 10:04 UTC)

Window both (10:17 to 10:32 UTC)

Window join (10:20 to 10:31 UTC)

Window rejoin (10:42 to 10:54 UTC)

55 KiB

Raw Blame History

Live replay, 4 October 2026 (`sim.py --live records/live-2026-10-04.csv --hashrate records/live-2026-10-04-hashrate.csv --dag-delay 0.75`)